Scientific Research Setup: How to Effectively Set Up a

Understanding how to effectively set up a scientific research methodology is a fundamental matter that researchers and graduate students must be familiar with and understand its steps sequentially, as the scientific research methodology reflects the steps and methods followed by the researcher within the methodological framework to achieve the objectives and results they seek in a scientific manner, starting from determining the sample size to statistically analyzing the data and discussing and interpreting the results reached.

Definition of Scientific Research Methodology:

Scientific research methodology is the method or approach that a researcher must follow to conduct and carry out their scientific research in a disciplined scientific manner, suitable for the nature and type of scientific research and the target sample; in order to obtain reliable scientific results that enhance the efficiency and quality of scientific research.

This and scientific research methodology can be defined as a set of procedures and scientific activities that the researcher relies on in implementing research procedures and basic steps, and selecting appropriate measures and statistical methods in order to obtain scientifically trustworthy results to ensure the success of the research.

Types of Methodology in Scientific Research:

The application of scientific research methodology varies according to its types depending on the difference in the type and nature of the scientific method followed in the study, which differs from one research to another and from one specialization to another, and among the most important types of scientific research methodologies followed:

First: the Historical Method:

It is one of the types of scientific research methodologies that is concerned with studying events and phenomena that occurred in the past in order to analyze and interpret a set of phenomena and data related to them in the present, for the purpose of identifying the changes and transformations that these events have undergone, and identifying the factors and methods responsible for this phenomenon and events.

Second: the Descriptive Method:

The descriptive method is the systematic way of studying new scientific facts or verifying the validity of old theories and facts, and the relationships connected to them and explaining them and revealing the aspects they carry, through collecting data about the phenomenon and describing the different conditions and practices and then analyzing them and drawing conclusions and comparing the data which allows for the possibility of generalizing them within a specific framework.

Third: the Experimental Method:

The experimental method relies on its scientific application on practical experimentation as a means of obtaining data and information relevant to the phenomenon under study, as practical experimentation is the source of data and information in the experimental method, so that the researcher can control its conditions and variables.

When applying scientific research methodology by following the experimental method, the researcher’s role is not limited to describing the phenomenon or event as it is, but rather the researcher intervenes clearly and intentionally, for the purpose of repeating the occurrence of the phenomenon through the use of procedures or making specific changes. And then observing the results.

Fourth: the Comparative Method:

The comparative method relies on diagnosing the similarities and differences between the two subjects or phenomena under comparison, and therefore it is not suitable at all to compare two parties or phenomena that are completely similar or completely different, and there are conditions that the researcher must follow to use the comparative method:

1. Clearly identifying the phenomena and elements under comparison and subjecting them to analysis using the same scientific methodology to ensure scientific accuracy in monitoring aspects of agreement and difference.
2. The comprehensiveness of the comparison covering all aspects of difference and agreement between the units under comparison.
3. Taking into account that the phenomena and elements under comparison should not be identical or similar and should include aspects, points of difference, similarity and agreement.

Fifth: Content Analysis Method:

Content analysis method is one of the methods that is based on analyzing the data and information contained in a document or statement, for the purpose of studying human behavior or the development of organizations, and this is to highlight the characteristics and features of those studied units based on the content of these documents.

This and the research methodology for content analysis method is applied in several fields such as communications, journalism, literature, and social sciences, and it can also be used to study the social interaction between individuals, groups, and different societies.

Steps for Preparing a Research Methodology:

The scientific research methodology is prepared according to a set of main steps that represent the stages of scientific research as follows:

First: Determining the Research Problem:

The researcher must determine the research problem in a systematic and disciplined manner and formulate it in a precise and clear style characterized by objectivity, so that the research problem is researchable and studyable, and of importance that reflects the quality and necessity of conducting scientific research.

Second: Formulating Hypotheses:

Formulating hypotheses is one of the steps in preparing a research methodology, which the researcher will examine and study during the conduct and implementation of the study, as they are initial expectations based on the researcher’s previous knowledge and awareness of previous research and studies related to the research problem. The researcher must formulate hypotheses in a systematic, clear, and well-defined manner characterized by logic and verification.

Third: Designing the Study:

Designing the study is the third step in preparing a research methodology and includes determining the study population and the target sample, and then selecting data collection methods that are suitable for the study topic and sample. In this step, the researcher presents the method followed in the study and the statistical methods chosen to analyze the data collected from the study sample.

Fourth: Data Collection:

In this step of preparing a research methodology, the researcher selects one of the data collection tools that are suitable for the nature and size of the study sample, according to standard procedures and scientific methods, and the researcher must document all data accurately for use in the statistical analysis process to achieve reliable systematic results.

Fifth: Data Analysis:

It is the final step in preparing a research methodology, in which the researcher selects the appropriate statistical method and uses it to analyze the data they have collected, in order to discover relationships, trends, differences, and aggregated statistical meanings, and then verify the accuracy of the hypotheses that the researcher has proposed, and the researcher must analyze the data in an accurate and objective manner.

Characteristics of Scientific Research Methodology:

Despite the difference in scientific research methodology according to the difference in the method or scientific approach followed, they share a set of characteristics and features that can be summarized as follows:

1. Good organization in the way of thinking and working, based on observation and scientific facts.
2. Sequentiality and interconnection in implementing successive research steps.
3. Objectivity and avoiding privacy, bias, subjectivity, and personal inclinations.
4. The ability to choose research results anywhere and anytime. Using scientific methods, but under conditions and circumstances similar to the occurrence of the results of the phenomenon under study.
5. Dealing with phenomena or events that resulted from similar phenomena or events.
6. The ability to predict, that is, to form an idea of what the phenomena or events under study will be in the future.

Methods of Scientific Research Methodology:

The methods of scientific research methodology vary according to the type and nature of the scientific method used in scientific research, and we mention among the most important:

1. The descriptive method.
2. The developmental method.
3. The historical method.
4. Case study method.
5. The field study method.
6. The experimental method.
7. The comparative method.
8. The deductive method.
9. The inductive method.

How to Write the Methodology in Research:

The methodology is written in scientific research through a set of basic steps that are common to all research and scientific methods, as follows:

1. Writing the methodology comes after writing the theoretical framework and presenting previous studies related to the study problem.
2. The researcher writes the research methodology and clarifies the type of method used in the study.
3. Determining the study population and sample and methods of selecting the sample, whether random or non-random.
4. Determining and designing the data collection tool, whether questionnaire, observation, or interview.
5. Ensuring the validity and reliability coefficients of the data collection tool.
6. Presenting and discussing the research results according to data analysis
7. Explaining the methods and statistical measures used in the statistical analysis process.
8. Placing the results and objectives reached by the researcher through writing the scientific research methodology and its procedures.

The Difference Between Scientific Research Methodology and Scientific Research Methods:

The difference between research methodology and scientific research methods can be clarified by defining each of them:

The Difference Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Designs:

There are a set of differences when preparing a scientific research methodology, whether for quantitative or qualitative research, as the choice of research methodology depends on the type of research question and the available research capabilities, the researcher’s ability to access the sample, in addition to cost, as the methodology followed usually differs and the cost of applying a quantitative research methodology is often greater than that of a qualitative research methodology, and the differences can be clarified through the following table:

What Are the Types of Scientific Research?:

The types of scientific research are as follows:

1. The article, which consists of short research conducted by university students during the bachelor’s stage, according to the guidance of their professors in various courses.
2. The research project or graduation project, which is equivalent to a graduation thesis and is often one of the requirements for obtaining a bachelor’s degree. Although it is the latest of the short research papers, it is more in-depth than the article.
3. The scientific thesis, which is a research that surpasses the previous two types in concept and is considered one of the requirements for the researcher to obtain a high academic degree, and is often a master’s degree.
4. The scientific dissertation, by consensus of professors and scholars of science, is a scientific research of the highest academic degree compared to the thesis and is one of the requirements for obtaining a doctorate degree, as it is an original research that includes new knowledge in the specialization field.

What Are the Types of Scientific Research Methodology?:

The types of scientific research methodology depend on the type of scientific method and the style used in the study, the most important of which are:

1. The descriptive method.
2. The historical method.
3. The experimental method.
4. The inductive method.
5. The deductive method.
6. Content analysis method.
7. The philosophical method.
8. The comparative method.
9. The survey method.
10. Case study method.

What Are the Methodological Procedures of Scientific Research?:

The methodological procedures in scientific research are as follows:

1. Identifying the research problem.
2. Formulating the scientific research title.
3. Determining the importance and objectives of the research.
4. Formulating research questions and main hypotheses.
5. The theoretical framework for the study.
6. Reviewing previous related studies.
7. Presenting the scientific research methodology.
8. Identifying the study population and sample.
9. Presenting the data collection tools in the study.
10. Testing the validity and reliability of the study tool.
11. The statistical methods used.
12. Presenting and discussing the results and their interpretation.

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